… optical transducer using an ensemble of erbium ions that is simultaneously coupled … ions
mediate the frequency conversion from microwave photons to optical photons and using photon …

… Rare-earth ions, specifically erbium, have played an important role in the development …
ions can reduce the gain performance of the amplifier. In order to synthesize and optimize planar …

… 2 Silica–hafnia planar waveguides Erbium doped planar waveguides can be used for signal
amplification (at a wavelength of \(1.55~\upmu \hbox {m}\)) in the same way as in the erbium …

… ratio but different molar percentages of erbium ion; their nominal doping concentrations are
… the 4 I 13/2 level of Er 3+ ions in the 70SiO 2 –30HfO 2 planar waveguides, obtained by a fit …

… 95.8SiO 2 –4.2HfO 2 planar waveguide activated by 0.2 mol… → 4 I 15/2 transition of Er 3+ ion,
with a 42 nm bandwidth was … efficiency of Er 3+ ions by co-doping with Yb 3+ ions. Channel …

… → 4 I 15/2 emission at 1.53 μm of the erbium ions in an amorphous environment was clearly
observed and resulted to not be influenced by the heat-treatment at 400 C, confirming the …

… sensitization concepts for optically active erbium ions are reviewed: 1) … Currently, planar
photonic integrated circuits are being … The planar amplifier is an important component in planar …

… not change practically with the hafnium and erbium content. The 4 I 13… The emission of 4 I
13/2 -> 4 I 15/2 of Er 3+ ion transition was … efficiency of Er 3+ ions by co-doping with Yb 3+ ions. …

… In this mechanism, a second photon promotes the erbium ion to the 4 F 9/2 level by the
resonant absorption of the excited state 4 I 13/2 . This extra mechanism, to populate 4 F 9/2 …

… the erbium-doped fiber amplifier. Because the need for faster chips is expected to see a shift
from electronics- to photonics-based technologies, erbium ions … nitride photonic integrated …