… The primary objective of this study was to explore local proinflammatory cytokine levels in …
Elevated levels of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α were seen in the olfactory epithelium …

… The binding between the virus and these cells causes cytokine release and promotes OE
inflammation (Figure 2). Torabi et al. investigated levels of local pro-inflammatory cytokines in …

… Since the severity of COVID-19 infection is proportional to levels of these pro-inflammatory
cytokines, the quality and severity of dysgeusia may help in identifying mild, moderate, and …

… of proinflammatory cytokines after … as induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines.
Thus, a local innate immune response may also participate in the process leading to anosmia …

… In the olfactory epithelium, concentrations of local pro-inflammatory cytokines were … The
most plausible causes of the SARS-CoV-2-induced anosmia among the proposed processes are …

… The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute …
onset of anosmia without rhinitis. We aim to review the pathophysiology of anosmia related to …

… -19-induced anosmia to increase awareness of the condition. … pro-inflammatory cytokine
TNF-α was found. A prospective study has shown that patients with COVID-19-induced anosmia …

… stimuli are processed and integrated, suggesting that anosmia is, in some cases, caused
by a central injury mechanism (25). Virally induced damage of OB and other brain areas was …

… strong pro-inflammatory molecule and can induce … cytokine storm in COVID-19 anosmia
which leads to mucosal, epithelial and receptor damage mediated via proinflammatory cytokines…

… We review recent progress in defining underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of the
virus-induced anosmia, with a focus on the emerging crucial role of sustentacular cells in the …