Signal transduction through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) originates from their intracellular
Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain, which binds to MyD88, a common adaptor protein …

Abstract Mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) function as sensors of infection and induce
the activation of innate and adaptive immune responses,,. Upon recognizing conserved …

Abstract Mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize conserved products of microbial
metabolism and activate NF-κB and other signaling pathways through the adapter protein …

The concept that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize specific molecular patterns in various
pathogens has been established. In signal transduction via TLRs, MyD88, which harbors a …

The recognition of microbial pathogens by the innate immune system involves Toll-like
receptors (TLRs), which recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns,,,,,,,,. Different …

In humans, ten Toll-like receptor (TLR) paralogues sense molecular components of
microbes, initiating the production of cytokine mediators that create the inflammatory …

Toll-like receptors discriminate between different pathogen-associated molecules and
activate signaling cascades that lead to immune responses. The specificity of Toll-like …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) induces two distinct signaling pathways controlled by the
TIRAP-MyD88 and TRAM-TRIF pairs of adaptor proteins, which elicit the production of …

Human Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 recognizes double-stranded (ds) RNA and induces
production of interferon (IFN)-β independent of the adaptor molecules MyD88 and TIRAP …

The activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is central to innate and adaptive immunity,,. All
TLRs use the adaptor MyD88 for signalling, but the mechanisms underlying the MyD88 …