The Toll-interleukin-1 Receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP) represents
a key intracellular signalling molecule regulating diverse immune responses. Its capacity to …

Toll/interleukin-1 (TIR) receptor-containing adapters are critical in orchestrating the different
signal transduction pathways following Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. MyD88 adapter …

Abstract Mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 3, 7, 8 and 9 initiate immune responses to
infection by recognizing microbial nucleic acids,; however, these responses come at the cost …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation is dictated by a number of factors including the ligand itself
and the localization of the receptor, in terms of expression profile and subcellular …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is a key innate immunity response to pathogens.
Recruitment of signaling adapters such as MAL (TIRAP) and MyD88 to the TLRs requires …

While the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are responsible for the recognition and response to
pathogen ligands, increasing evidence suggests that the family of five cytosolic Toll/IL-1 …

Toll is a Drosophila gene essential for ontogenesis and antimicrobial resistance. Several
hortologues of Toll have been identified and cloned in vertebrates, namely Toll‐like …

An understanding of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signal transduction is a key goal in the effort
to provide a molecular basis for the lethal effect of LPS during septic shock and point the …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved proteins that recognize microbial
molecules and initiate host defense. To investigate how TLRs work together to fight …

Mechanisms that control the activation of antigen-specific immune responses in vivo are
poorly understood. It has been suggested that the initiation of adaptive immune responses is …