The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 has been prominent around the world since it was first …

COVID-19 disease presents in asymptomatic and various symptomatic forms among
individuals. It is thought to be caused by the immune response of individuals. In severe and …

The Covid-19, a threatening pandemic, was originated from China in December 2019 and
spread quickly to all over the world. The pathogenesis of coronavirus is linked with the …

COVID-19 is a rapidly spreading global threat that has been declared as a pandemic by the
WHO. COVID-19 is transmitted via droplets or direct contact and infects the respiratory tract …

Balanced immune regulation is crucial for recognizing an invading pathogen, its killing, and
elimination. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are the key regulators of the innate immune system. It …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus
which has been identified as the cause of the recently emerging coronavirus disease 2019 …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has posed a significant threat to global health. This …

Coronaviruses are non-segmented and single stranded positive-sense RNA (+ ssRNA)
viruses. To date, 06 human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are reported; α-CoVs (HCoVs-NL63 and …

Although 80% of individuals infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome-
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) recover without antiviral treatments, the other 20% progress to …

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) associated with SARS-CoV-2, causes a severe
form of the respiratory illness known as Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19). COVID-19 has …