Continuous sensing of soil moisture is essential for smart agriculture variable rate irrigation
(VRI), real-time agricultural decision making, and water conservation. Therefore …

High-frequency electromagnetic (EM) surveys have shown to be valuable techniques in the
study of soil water content due to the strong dependence of soil dielectric permittivity with …

Abstract Internet of Underground Things (IOUT) communications have the potential for soil
properties estimation and soil moisture monitoring. In this paper, a method has been …

The rapid high-precision and nondestructive determination of shallow soil water content
(SWC) is of vital importance to precision agriculture and water resource management …

Time domain reflectometry (TDR) has been widely used by the scientific community as a
reliable method to indirectly measure the volumetric water content (θ) of soils, and in most …

Dielectric properties are crucial in understanding the behavior of water within soil,
particularly the soil water content (SWC), as they measure a material's ability to store an …

Robust and noninvasive techniques for in situ measurement of soil water content are
essential for monitoring and research of many hydrologic processes. Although in situ …

At radar frequencies below 2 GHz, the mismatch between the 5 to 15 cm sensing depth of
classical time domain reflectometry (TDR) probe soil moisture measurements and the radar …

Knowledge of soil moisture is essential to many applications in hydrology, agriculture, and
civil engineering. Among the various electromagnetic or dielectric moisture measurement …

Ground-coupled radar has been used in the literature to estimate shallow subsoil permittivity
using ground-wave velocity measurements. It has also been shown that the electromagnetic …