Since the discovery of messenger RNA (mRNA), there have been tremendous efforts to
wield them in the development of therapeutics and vaccines. During the COVID-19 …

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have been studied for decades, but only recently, during
the COVID-19 pandemic, has the technology garnered noteworthy attention. In contrast to …

Since the first successful application of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) as a vaccine
agent in a preclinical study nearly 30 years ago, numerous advances have been made in …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in China in December 2019 and quickly spread around …

Abstract The Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has impacted human lives in the most …

To successfully protect against pathogen infection, a vaccine must elicit efficient adaptive
immunity, including B and T cell responses. While B cell responses are key, as they can …

In less than one year since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, two mRNA-based
vaccines, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, were granted the first historic authorization for …

The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates the ongoing threat of pandemics caused by novel,
previously unrecognized, or mutated pathogens with high transmissibility. Currently, vaccine …

Recently, mRNA vaccines have become a significant type of therapeutic and have created
new fields in the biopharmaceutical industry. mRNA vaccines are promising next-generation …

Abstract mRNA vaccines have received major attention in the fight against COVID-19.
Formulations from companies such as Moderna and BioNTech/Pfizer have allowed us to …