On November 7th and 8th, 2022, The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
(NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), The Coalition for Epidemic …

Based on mucosal immunization to promote both mucosal and systemic immune responses,
next-generation coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines would be administered …

The sudden emergence of a highly transmissible and pathogenic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2
in December 2019 from China and its rapid global spread has posed an international health …

The development and deployment of vaccines against COVID-19 demonstrated major
successes in providing immunity and preventing severe disease and death. Yet SARS-CoV …

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is having an unprecedented
impact on global health derived from its quick spread, which is attributed to its high stability …

Currently approved COVID-19 vaccines administered parenterally induce robust systemic
humoral and cellular responses. While highly effective against severe disease, there is …

Background The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has
caused a deadly pandemic in the 21st century, resulting in many deaths, economic loss, and …

The best and safest way to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is by
using vaccination to generate widespread immunity. The urgent need to develop safe and …

Sterilizing immunity after vaccination is desirable to prevent the spread of infection from
vaccinees, which can be especially dangerous in hospital settings while managing frail …

Mucosal vaccines can effectively induce an immune response at the mucosal site and form
the first line of defense against microbial invasion. The induced mucosal immunity includes …