Cognitive reserve (CR) prevents cognitive decline and delays neurodegeneration. Recent
epidemiological evidence suggests that lifelong bilingualism may act as CR delaying the …

Background Evidence from previous studies suggests that bilingualism contributes to
cognitive reserve because bilinguals manifest the first symptoms of Alzheimer's disease …

The decline of cognitive skills throughout healthy or pathological aging can be slowed down
by experiences which foster cognitive reserve (CR). Recently, some studies on Alzheimer's …

Much of the research on delaying the onset of symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has
focused on pharmacotherapy, but environmental factors have also been acknowledged to …

Cognitive reserve is characterized by a dissociation between cognitive level and brain
structure, thereby reducing the impact of deteriorating brain structure on cognitive function …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive brain disorder that initially affects medial temporal
lobe circuitry and memory functions. Current drug treatments have only modest effects on …

Lifelong bilingualism represents a powerful cognitive reserve delaying the onset of dementia
by approximately 4 years. As to the causal mechanism, because speaking more than one …

Bilingualism as a component of cognitive reserve has been claimed to delay the onset of
Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, its effect on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD-biomarkers …

Objective: Cognitive reserve refers to how individuals actively utilize neural resources to
cope with neuropathology to maintain cognitive functioning. The present review aims to …

Lifelong bilingualism may contribute to cognitive reserve (CR) in neurodegenerative
diseases as shown by a delay of the age at symptom onset in bilinguals with Alzheimer's …