Clinical intervention in patients with corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has
demonstrated a strong upregulation of cytokine production in patients who are critically ill …

Cytokine storm is a general term applied to maladaptive cytokine release in response to
infection and other stimuli. The pathogenesis is complex but includes loss of regulatory …

Over the past 16 years, three coronaviruses (CoVs), severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV
(SARS-CoV) in 2002, Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) in 2012 and …

The immune system protects the host organism from exogenous and endogenouspathogens
. A finely tuned and balanced array of cytokines, coagulation factors, andcomplement …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, the causative agent of coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19), was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on …

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus, COVID-19, was discovered to be the causal agent
of a severe respiratory infection named SARS-CoV-2, and it has since been recognized …

The elevated circulating levels of cytokines associated with a variety of infectious and
immune-mediated conditions are frequently termed a cytokine storm. Here, we explain the …

COVID-19 infection has a heterogenous disease course; it may be asymptomatic or causes
only mild symptoms in the majority of the cases, while immunologic complications such as …

COVID-19 has become a worldwide pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus named
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Severe cases of COVID-19 …

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has swept the world, unlike any other pandemic in
the last 50 years. Our understanding of the disease has evolved rapidly since the outbreak; …