The strategies underlying different forms of protective coloration are well understood but little
attention has been paid to the ecological, life‐history and behavioural circumstances under …

The evolution of bright coloration among distasteful prey has previously been studied almost
exclusively from the perspective of Mullerian mimicry. This ignores the question of why …

Evolution of conspicuous signals may be constrained if animal coloration has nonsignaling
as well as signaling functions. In aposematic wood tiger moth (Parasemia plantaginis) …

An important factor for understanding the evolution of warning coloration in unprofitable prey
is the synergistic effect produced by predator generalisation behaviour. Warning coloration …

Toxic prey advertise their unprofitability to predators via conspicuous aposematic coloration
[1]. It is widely accepted that avoidance learning by naive predators is fundamental in …

Behavioral ecologists have long studied the role of coloration as a defense against natural
enemies. Recent reviews of defensive coloration have emphasized that these visual signals …

It is difficult to imagine how warning colours evolve in unpalatable prey. Firstly, novel
warningly coloured variants gain no protection from their colours, since predators have not …

Animal camouflage has long been used to illustrate the power of natural selection, and
provides an excellent testbed for investigating the trade‐offs affecting the adaptive value of …

It is usually assumed that distasteful insects are killed when sampled by unexperienced
predators and that the evolution of aposematic coloration requires kin selection, because a …

Avian predators learn to avoid defended insects on the basis of their conspicuous warning
coloration. In many aposematic species, the level of chemical defence varies, with some …