Aposematism is an anti-predator defence, dependent on a predator's ability to associate
unprofitable prey with a prey-borne signal. Multimodal signals should vary in efficacy …

The warning signals of toxic insects are often 'multimodal', combining bright coloration with
sounds or odours (or both). Pyrazine (a common insect warning odour) can elicit an intrinsic …

Organisms frequently gain advantages when they engage in signalling with individuals of
other species. Here, we provide a functionally structured framework of the great variety of …

Natural selection shapes the evolution of anti-predator defences, such as camouflage. It is
currently contentious whether crypsis and disruptive coloration are alternative mechanisms …

Animal colour vision is based on comparing signals from different photoreceptors. It is
generally assumed that processing different spectral types of photoreceptor mainly serves …

'Deimatic'comes from the Greek δειματσω,'to frighten', and is generally used to describe
behaviour in which, when under attack, prey suddenly unleash unexpected defences to …

Multimodal defensive displays are commonplace, with prey combining conspicuous
coloration, sounds, odours and other chemical emissions to deter predators. These …

Models of the evolution of aposematic coloration assume that the first brightly coloured
morphs to appear in a cryptic population of chemically defended insects would have …

Visual signaling in animals can serve many uses, including predator deterrence and mate
attraction. In many cases, signals used to advertise unprofitability to predators are also used …

Camouflage is one of the most widespread forms of anti-predator defence and prevents prey
individuals from being detected or correctly recognized by would-be predators. Over the past …