Context. Radius and mass measurements of short-period giant planets reveal that many of
these planets contain a large amount of heavy elements. Although the range of inferred …

Aims. The goal of this work is to investigate Jupiter's growth by focusing on the amount of
heavy elements accreted by the planet, and to compare this with recent structure models of …

One possible mechanism for giant planet formation is disk instability in which the planet is
formed as a result of gravitational instability in the protoplanetary disk surrounding the young …

Observations and models of giant planets indicate that such objects are enriched in heavy
elements compared to solar abundances. The prevailing view is that giant planets accreted …

The origin of close-in giant planets is a key open question in planet formation theory. The
two leading models are (i) formation at the outer disk followed by migration and (ii) in situ …

Giant exoplanets seem to have on average a much higher heavy-element content than the
Solar System giants. Past attempts to explain this heavy-element content include collisions …

Context. The composition of gas giant planets reflects their formation and evolution history.
Revealing the origin of the high heavy-element masses in giant exoplanets is an objective of …

We investigate a population of transiting planets that receive relatively modest stellar
insolation, indicating equilibrium temperatures< 1000 K, and for which the heating …

Exoplanet discoveries of recent years have provided a great deal of new data for studying
the bulk compositions of giant planets. Here we identify 47 transiting giant planets (20 M⊕< …

Jupiter's atmosphere is enriched with heavy elements by a factor of about 3 compared to a
protosolar composition. The origin of this enrichment and whether it represents the bulk …