Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during metabolic conversion of molecular
oxygen imposes a constant threat to aerobic organisms. Other than the cytotoxic effects …

Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulates transcription by activating
transcription factors activator protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). The mouse …

Cross-coupling of active protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB has been reported. In
the present study, we investigated the possibility that both of these two transcription factors …

Chemical carcinogenesis follows a multistep process involving both mutation and increased
cell proliferation. Oxidative stress can occur through overproduction of reactive oxygen and …

Neoplastically transformed mouse and human keratinocytes elevate transactivation of both
activator protein 1 (AP‐1) and nuclear factor κB (NFκB) transcription factors. The present …

Two transcription factors, NF-κB and AP-1, have emerged in recent years as major targets
for signaling pathways that are activated by a variety of proinflammatory stimuli. The same …

NF-κB, a transcription factor first discovered in 1986, is now known to be closely connected
to the process of tumorogenesis based on a multiplicity of evidence.(1) NF-κB is activated in …

UVB irradiation of epidermal keratinocytes results in the activation of the p38 mitogen‐
activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and subsequently activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) …

At the cellular level, free radicals are tightly controlled by an inducible antioxidant program,
since at low non-hazardous amounts they contribute to physiological signalling and …

The eukaryotic cell contains a multitude of pathways coupling environmental stimuli to the
specific regulation of gene expression. Two early response transcriptional complexes, NF …