We describe a simple modification to a confocal microscope, which analyses the state of
polarization of light emerging from the specimen so as to permit quantitative polarized light …

The extinction coefficient in conventional polarized light microscopes is non‐zero, even with
perfect polars, solely because of the image formation process in these instruments. The …

[57] ABSTRACT A method for determining polarization properties of light from an object uses
a detector for detecting the intensity of light incident thereon. A pair of variable retarders are …

Polarized light microscopy provides unique opportunities for analyzing the molecular order
in heterogeneous systems, such as living cells and tissues, without using exogenous dyes …

A new method of polarized light analysis is described in which a highly sensitive electronic
detector specific for birefringence is used to identify the crystalline axes of an object and …

In the standard polarizing microscope, birefringent material appears bright only if its optic
axis is oblique to the axes of the polarizer and analyzer filters; consequently, an object may …

The potentialities of polarization microscopy has been greatly increased by using specific
stains for selective enhancement of the optical anisotropy of a macromolecular constituent of …

This paper considers the general properties of polarising microscopes and, in particular,
light polarisation changes produced by high aperture lenses. A method is suggested for …

Microscopy and Ancillary Techniques is a culmination of seventy-plus years of microscopy
know-how, skills, and techniques boiled down into its essential elements. Written in an …

A simple, but little known technique for producing marked colour contrast in images of
weakly birefringent biological samples obtained with a polarized light microscope is …