The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is complex and most likely involves numerous
environmental and heritable risk factors. Recent studies establish that central and peripheral …

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects peripheral
organs as well as the central nervous system and involves a fundamental role of …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease underpinned by both
genetic and environmental etiologic factors. Recent findings suggest that inflammation may …

Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common age-associated
neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons and …

Multiple lines of evidence indicate that immune system dysfunction has a role in Parkinson
disease (PD); this evidence includes clinical and genetic associations between autoimmune …

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder of
unknown etiology. Autopsy findings, genetics, retrospective studies, and molecular imaging …

The brain is no longer considered an immune privileged organ and neuroinflammation has
long been associated with Parkinson's disease. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that …

In recent years, inflammation has become implicated as a major pathogenic factor in the
onset and progression of Parkinson's disease. Understanding the precise role for …

For many years, it was postulated that the brain is the organ behind the barrier with an
autonomous need for its maintenance. This view has been changed by the concept that the …

Genetic studies on PARK genes have identified dysfunction in proteasomal, lysosomal, and
mitochondrial enzymes as pathogenic for Parkinson's disease (PD). We review the role of …