Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causal
agent of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), a systemic illness characterized by variably …

Background Although immune modulation is a promising therapeutic avenue in coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19), the most relevant targets remain to be found. COVID-19 has …

Background SARS‐CoV‐2 has triggered a pandemic that is now claiming many lives.
Several studies have investigated cellular immune responses in COVID‐19‐infected …

Whilst the majority of individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative pathogen of COVID-19, experience mild to …

A cytokine storm is a hyperinflammatory state secondary to the excessive production of
cytokines by a deregulated immune system. It manifests clinically as an influenza-like …

Cell death mechanisms are crucial to maintain an appropriate environment for the
functionality of healthy cells. However, during viral infections, dysregulation of these …

Unusually for a viral infection, the immunological phenotype of severe COVID-19 is
characterised by a depleted lymphocyte and elevated neutrophil count, with the neutrophil …

The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the current world health concern,
presenting a public health dilemma with ascending morbidity and mortality rates exceeding …

Macrophages are cells that mediate both innate and adaptive immunity reactions, playing a
major role in both physiological and pathological processes. Systemic SARS-CoV-2 …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is caused by SARS‐CoV‐2, a novel
coronavirus strain. Some studies suggest that COVID‐19 could be an immune‐related …