Mucosal vaccines offer the potential to trigger robust protective immune responses at the
predominant sites of pathogen infection. In principle, the induction of adaptive immunity at …

Mucosal immunization has potential benefits over conventional parenteral immunization,
eliciting immune defense in both mucosal and systemic tissue for protecting from pathogen …

Mucosal immune responses are the first‐line defensive mechanisms against a variety of
infections. Therefore, immunizations of mucosal surfaces from which majority of infectious …

A majority of infectious microorganisms either colonize or cross mucosal surfaces to enter
the host. A major goal in vaccine design is to induce a protective, lasting immune response …

To develop protective immune responses against mucosal pathogens, the delivery route
and adjuvants for vaccination are important. The host, however, strives to maintain mucosal …

Mucosal surfaces are the major entrance for infectious pathogens and therefore mucosal
immune responses serve as a first line of defence. Most current immunization procedures …

Vaccines are the most effective tool to control infectious diseases, which provoke significant
morbidity and mortality rates. Most vaccines are administered through the parenteral route …

Vaccination is the most successful immunological practice that improves the quality of
human life and health. Vaccine materials include antigens of pathogens and adjuvants …

Proper stimulation of the mucosal immune system is critical for the effective protection of
mucosal surfaces against colonization and invasion of infectious agents. This requires …

The mucosal administration of vaccines is an area currently receiving a high level of interest
due to potential advantages offered by this technique. These advantages include the ability …