Recognition of an invading pathogen is critical to elicit protective responses. Certain
microbial structures and molecules, which are crucial for their survival and virulence, are …

Many of the ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are unique to microorganisms, such that
receptor activation unequivocally indicates the presence of something foreign. However, a …

When microorganisms invade a host, the innate immune system first recognizes the
pathogen-associated molecular patterns of these microorganisms through pattern …

The innate immune system is an evolutionally conserved host defense mechanism against
pathogens. Innate immune responses are initiated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) …

The mammalian innate immune system detects the presence of microbial infection through
germ line-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors, retinoic acid …

When a pathogen attacks, the immune system rapidly mobilizes host defenses in order to
reduce the microbial burden and limit damage to the host [1]. Innate immunity is the first line …

Immunological defense depends on the ability of the innate immune system to recognize
invading microbes as foreign and thus eliminate them. The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) help …

Microbial challenges to the host initiate an array of defense processes through the activation
of innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity consists of sensors or pattern-recognition …

Microbial infections are recognized by the innate immune system through germline-encoded
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). As most microbial pathogens contain DNA and/or …

Besides their well known functions in storage and translation of information nucleic acids
have emerged as a target of pattern recognition receptors that drive activation of innate …