Abstract Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by systemic hyper-
inflammation, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiple organ failure. Cytokine …

Knowledge about the pathobiology of SARS-CoV-2 as it interacts with immune defenses is
limited. SARS-CoV-2 is spread by droplets that come into contact with mucous membranes …

In December 2019, an outbreak of viral pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus (since
named SARS-CoV-2) was identified in Wuhan, China. Within few months, this disease–now …

Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is rapidly spreading all over the world.
Excessive immune responses trigger life-threatening cytokine release syndrome (CRS) …

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has resulted in tremendous morbidity and mortality worldwide. A …

Over the past 16 years, three coronaviruses (CoVs), severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV
(SARS-CoV) in 2002, Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) in 2012 and …

Patients with COVID-19 who require ICU admission might have the cytokine storm. It is a
state of out-of-control release of a variety of inflammatory cytokines. The molecular …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has posed a significant threat to global health. This …

Cytokine storm is a general term applied to maladaptive cytokine release in response to
infection and other stimuli. The pathogenesis is complex but includes loss of regulatory …

Clinical evidence indicates that the fatal outcome observed with severe acute respiratory
syndrome-coronavirus-2 infection often results from alveolar injury that impedes airway …