In recent years the applications of the electron microscope to the study of carbides and non-
metallic inclusions in steel, have greatly increased as the result of the development of the …

The electron microprobe, since its inception by Castaing and Guinier, 1 has been the
method par excellence for inclusion analysis. With the microprobe, the in situ analysis of …

An improved technique is described for obtaining high resolution extraction replicas from
steels. Carbon replicas are dry-stripped from etched steel using a collodion backing. The …

Modern electron microscope and microanalysis techniques have made it possible to study
carbide precipitation in steels using thin foils and extraction replicas. In the past, the …

A simple extraction method is described in which precipitates and inclusions in steels can be
isolated for identification by X-ray diffraction. The included material is removed from the …

Most replica techniques used in electron metallography derive their contrast from the relief of
the surface of the sample under examination. The differences in elevation on the surface …

Electron microscopy (TEM, SEM) studies of precipitates in metallic materials are an
important part of many research programmes. The techniques used for specimen …

When examining carbides in high speed steels using the scanning electron microscope, the
contrast obtained with the polished specimen in the unetched condition is often inadequate …

A comprehensive scheme is described for the examination of included materials occurring in
steels using the newer physical techniques. The material is isolated by extraction replicas in …

Carbides in high speed steels-especially in steels produced by powder metallurgy-are often
too small for analysis by the conventional electron microscope. The performance of energy …