Background SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 share similar characteristics. For instance, the
genetic homology of SARS-CoV-2 compared to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV is 80% and …

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major complication of the respiratory illness
coronavirus disease 2019, with a death rate reaching up to 40%. The main underlying cause …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in countless
infections and caused millions of deaths since its emergence in 2019. Coronavirus disease …

Abstract The COVID-19-, SARS-and MERS-related coronaviruses share many genomic and
structural similarities. However, the SARS-CoV-2 is less pathogenic than SARS-CoV and …

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has emerged in China in December 2019 …

Background Several inflammatory cytokines are upregulated in severe coronavirus disease
2019 (COVID-19). We compared cytokines in COVID-19 versus influenza to define …

A sudden outbreak of COVID-19 caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, in Wuhan,
China in December 2019 quickly grew into a global pandemic, putting at risk not only the …

Introduction The coronavirus pandemic has affected more than 20 million people so far.
Elevated cytokines and suppressed immune responses have been hypothesized to set off a …

Currently severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) transmission has
been on the rise worldwide. Predicting outcome in COVID‐19 remains challenging, and the …

Immune dysfunction and aberrant cytokine storms often lead to rapid exacerbation of the
disease during late infection stages in SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV patients. However, the …