Blind readers use a tactile reading system consisting of raised dot arrays: braille/⠃⠗⠇. How
do human brains implement reading by touch? The current study looked for signatures of …

What does the visual cortex of the blind do during Braille reading? This process involves
converting simple tactile information into meaningful patterns that have lexical and semantic …

Fundamental forms of high-order cognition, such as reading and writing, are usually studied
in the context of one modality-vision. People without sight, however, use the kinesthetic …

The neural basis of reading is highly consistent across many languages and scripts. Are
there alternative neural routes to reading? How does the sensory modality of symbols …

Reading is a multisensory function that relies on arbitrary associations between auditory
speech sounds and symbols from a second modality. Studies of bimodal phonetic …

Braille reading is a demanding task that requires the identification of rapidly varying tactile
patterns. During proficient reading, neighboring characters impact the fingertip at∼ 100 ms …

Reading Braille activates visual cortex in blind people [Burton et al., J Neurophysiol 2002;
87: 589–611; Sadato et al., Nature 1996; 380: 526–528; Sadato et al., Brain 1998; 121: 1213 …

This article explores how letter position coding is attained during braille reading and its
implications for models of word recognition. When text is presented visually, the reading …

The brain is capable of large-scale reorganization in blindness or after massive injury. Such
reorganization crosses the division into separate sensory cortices (visual, somatosensory...) …

Braille reading depends on remarkable adaptations that connect the somatosensory system
to language. We hypothesized that the pattern of cortical activations in blind individuals …