Infusions into the amygdala (a brain area essential for excitatory fear conditioning) of either
NMDA receptor antagonists or inhibitors of the NMDA receptor‐linked mitogen activated …

Although much is now known about the neural basis of excitatory fear conditioning, much
less is known about the neural basis of inhibitory conditioning. One type of inhibitory …

NMDA receptor antagonists block conditioned fear extinction when injected systemically and
also when infused directly into the amygdala. Here we evaluate the ability of d-cycloserine …

In anxiety disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorders and phobias, classical
conditioning pairs natural (unconditioned) fear-eliciting stimuli with contextual or discrete …

Excessive fear and anxiety are characteristic of disorders such as post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) and phobias and are believed to reflect abnormalities in neural systems …

Understanding the neurophysiology of fear extinction has important implications for the
treatment of post-traumatic stress disorders. Here we report that fear conditioning resulted in …

We review recent work on extinction learning with emphasis on its modulation. Extinction is
the learned inhibition of responding to previously acquired tasks. Like other forms of …

Animal research suggests that the consolidation of fear and extinction memories depends
on N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors. Using a fear conditioning and …

Although much is now known about the neural basis of fear acquisition, the mechanisms of
fear inhibition or suppression remain largely obscure. Fear inhibition is studied in the …

Combining an effective psychological treatment with conventional anxiolytic medication is
typically not more effective than unimodal therapy for treating anxiety disorders. However …