Cytokines are key mediators of immune responses to autoantigens, tumor antigens and
foreign antigens including pathogens and transplant antigens. The cytokines are produced …

Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by the Leishmania genus, affecting millions
of persons in the world. Despite increased studies, no vaccine has been developed against …

The genus Leishmania, an obligate intramacrophage parasite, causes a wide spectrum of
clinical diseases. It is worldwide in distribution and causes 20 million new cases annually …

Cytokines play crucial roles in commencing and coordinating the organized recruitment and
activation of immune cells during infection. These molecular regulators play an important …

Parasites of the genus Leishmania cause the disease leishmaniasis. As the sandfly vector
transfers the promastigotes into the skin of the human host, the infection is either cured or …

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic, widespread, and neglected disease that affects more than 90
countries in the world. More than 20 Leishmania species cause different forms of …

Cytokines are pleiotropic polypeptides that control the development of and responses
mediated by immune cells. Cytokine classification predominantly relies on [1] the target …

Introduction 3. Parasite Life Cycle 4. Human Leishmaniasis 5. Experimental Models of
Leishmaniasis 6. Killing the Parasite; Macrophage Activation 6.1 Cytokines and …

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is caused by different species of the genus Leishmania. Pro-
and anti-inflammatory cytokines play different roles in resistance/susceptibility and the …

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by various species of Leishmania, a unicellular
kinetoplastid protozoan flagellate. It manifests mainly in 3 clinical forms; visceral …