True random number generators (TRNGs) use physical randomness as entropy sources and
are heavily used in cryptography and security [1]. Although hardware TRNGs provide …

Row Hammer is a serious security threat to modern computing systems using DRAM as
main memory. It causes charge loss in DRAM cells adjacent to a frequently activated …

Random numbers are widely used in the cryptography and security systems. However, most
of the true random number generators (TRNG) which use physical randomness are with …

This paper introduces a new true random number generator (TRNG) based on a three-edge
ring oscillator. Our design uses a new technique with a time-to-digital converter to effectively …

DRAM has scaled to achieve low cost per bit and this scaling has decreased Rowhammer
threshold. Thus, DRAM has adopted Target-Row-Refresh (TRR) which refreshes victim rows …

DRAM scaling has been the prime driver for increasing the capacity of main memory system
over the past three decades. Unfortunately, scaling DRAM to smaller technology nodes has …

DRAM scaling has been the prime driver of increasing capacity of main memory systems.
Unfortunately, lower technology nodes worsen the cell reliability as it increases the coupling …

A fully-digital True Random Number Generator (TRNG) measures the frequency difference
between two free-running ring oscillators, or in other words the beat frequency, to extract …

Long DRAM access latency is a major bottleneck for system performance. In order to access
data in DRAM, a memory controller (1) activates (ie, opens) a row of DRAM cells in a cell …

Artificial intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are becoming pervasive in today's
applications, such as autonomous vehicles, healthcare, aerospace, cybersecurity, and many …