The effects of sex and behavioral flexibility on leader perceptions were examined in small
groups performing under two task conditions. We predicted, based on theory and previous …

Men and women placed in leadership positions communicated information about their skills
and abilities to their subordinates. Although leaders' perceptions of their abilities, group …

The disparity between the success of male and female leaders may result from the
incongruity between the female sex role and the leadership role. We provide an in-depth test …

Research has consistently found that effective leadership is perceived as characterized by
traits similar to those associated with masculine gender roles. These perceptions would …

This investigation examined self-related behavioral differences in terms of broad leadership
styles using a methodology that minimized biases inherent in research designs previously …

In the current paper we investigate whether gender affects the encoding of leadership
behavior. In three studies we found evidence that perceivers had difficulty encoding …

Although research has indicated no substantial differences between the behaviors of male
and female leaders, differences exist in perceptions of these behaviors. Leadership …

Although they differ in their explanations of the antecedents of gender-role expectations,
gender role and expectation states theories agree that mixed-sex and initially leaderless …

Reports that male and female leaders provideabout their own task and consideration
leadershipbehaviors as well as reports that their supervisorsprovide about their behaviors …

Despite evidence that men are typically perceived as more appropriate and effective than
women in leadership positions, a recent debate has emerged in the popular press and …