Abstract Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and its receptor (IL-2R) are essential in orchestrating immune
responses. Their function and expression in the tumor microenvironment make them …

Inflammation is an important component of the tumor microenvironment. IL‐1 is an
inflammatory cytokine which plays a key role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. IL‐1 …

Simple Summary Interleukin-1 cytokines are key proinflammatory cytokines which have
been implicated with differing pro-and antitumorigenic properties. Recent years have …

Molecular insights into the mechanism of beneficial and adverse effects of interleukin-2 (IL-
2) have resulted in the development of improved IL-2 formulations with IL-2 receptor bias …

IL-2 was initially characterized as a T cell growth factor in the 1970s, and has been studied
intensively ever since. Decades of research have revealed multiple and diverse roles for this …

Preclinical studies of the T cell growth factor activity of IL-2 resulted in this cytokine
becoming the first immunotherapy to be approved nearly 30 years ago by the US Food and …

In-depth knowledge of cancer molecular and cellular mechanisms have revealed a strong
regulation of cancer development and progression by the inflammation which orchestrates …

While progress has been made in treating primary epithelial tumors, metastatic tumors
remain largely incurable and still account for 85–90% of all cancer-related deaths …

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a major “alarm” upstream pro-inflammatory cytokine that also affects
immunity and hematopoiesis by inducing cytokine cascades. In the tumor arena, IL-1 is …

Within the tumor microenvironment, IL-6 signaling is generally considered a malevolent
player, assuming a dark visage that promotes tumor progression. Chronic IL-6 signaling is …