In the 1960s, theoretical biologist Richard Levins criticised modellers in his own discipline of
population biology for pursuing the “brute force” strategy of building hyper-realistic models …

Modeling is a central concept, a central tool in climate research. Models are telling us how
the future may develop in the next 100 years, the public is told by some experts, while others …

Philosophical perspectives on numerical models help us to understand concepts, but will not
predict the climate in the future. Studying climate model results in isolation on the other hand …

Predictions of future climate are based on elaborate numerical computer models. As
computational capacity increases and better observations become available, one would …

We have both been fascinated by models for our entire careers. Climate models are
especially interesting, because they are the largest and most complex of models and also, in …

Climate modeling is closely tied, through its institutions and practices, to observations from
satellites and to the field sciences. The validity, quality and scientific credibility of models are …

How should predictions of the future climate be improved, and confidence in those
predictions increased? What is the way forward for computer models, key instruments of the …

The use of climate simulations in scientific assessments of climate change and in the
formulation of climate change scenarios has been contested for, among others …

In climate science, climate models are one of the main tools for understanding phenomena.
Here, we develop a framework to assess the fitness of a climate model for providing …

We give an overview of the practice of developing and using complex climate models, as
seen from experiences in a major climate modelling center and through participation in the …