Complex craniofacial surgery has been later to take advantage of computerized planning
than traditional maxillofacial procedures. Virtual reality, 3D model navigation, and …

Craniomaxillofacial reconstruction poses unique challenges due to the 3D configuration and
the importance to restore function (speech, mastication, swallowing, breathing, facial …

Craniomaxillofacial surgery has been experiencing a deep conceptual change in surgical
planning over the last decade, with virtual reality technologies becoming widely adopted …

Abstract Purpose Three-dimensional (3D) virtual planning of reconstructive surgery, after
resection, is a frequently used method for improving accuracy and predictability. However …

Since the 1980s, systematic application of computer aided design and manufacturing in
health care has revolutionized diagnostic and interventional medicine. 1 The digital …

Contemporary computer-assisted surgery systems more and more allow for virtual
simulation of even complex surgical procedures with increasingly realistic predictions …

The complex three-dimensional anatomy of the craniofacial skeleton creates a formidable
challenge for surgical reconstruction. Advances in computer-aided design and computer …

Clinical application of virtual craniomaxillofacial surgery (VCMS) planning is demonstrated
with four typical cases. An integral component to success is transferring the surgical plan to …

Craniomaxillofacial (CMF) surgery is a challenging and very demanding field that involves
the treatment of congenital and acquired conditions of the face and head. Due to the …

Purpose Three-dimensional (3D) analysis and planning are powerful tools in craniofacial
and reconstructive surgery. The elements include 1) analysis, 2) planning, 3) virtual surgery …