CD4 T cells with cytotoxic function were once thought to be an artifact due to long-term in
vitro cultures but have in more recent years become accepted and reported in the literature …

CD4 T cells that acquire cytotoxic phenotype and function have been repeatedly identified in
humans, mice, and other species in response to many diverse pathogens. Since CD4 …

CD4 T cells have traditionally been regarded as helpers and regulators of adaptive immune
responses; however, a novel role for CD4 T cells as direct mediators of protection against …

Viral infections cause an immunological disequilibrium that provokes CD8 T cell responses.
These cells play critical roles in purging acute infections, limiting persistent infections, and …

Protective immunity to chronic and acute viral infection relies on both the innate and
adaptive immune response. Although neutralizing antibody production by B cells and …

CD4+ T cells–often referred to as T-helper cells–play a central role in immune defense and
pathogenesis. Virus infections and vaccines stimulate and expand populations of antigen …

CD8 T cells respond to viral infections but also participate in defense against bacterial and
protozoal infections. In the last few years, as new methods to accurately quantify and …

It is generally believed that the role of CD4+ T cells is to coordinate the different arms of the
adaptive immune system to shape an effective response against a pathogen and regulate …

In 1986, Mosmann and Coffman identified 2 functionally distinct subsets of activated CD4 T
cells, Th1 and Th2 cells, being key in distinct T cell mediated responses. Over the past three …

CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD4-CTLs) have been reported to play a protective role in
several viral infections. However, little is known in humans about the biology of CD4-CTL …