The world has witnessed a high morbidity and mortality caused by SARS-CoV-2, and global
death toll is still rising. Exaggerated inflammatory responses are thought to be more …

NLRP3 inflammasome is a critical immune component that plays a crucial role in mounting
innate immune responses. The deleterious effects of inflammasome activation have been …

Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection causes systemic inflammation, cytokine storm, and
hypercytokinemia due to activation of the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), exhibits a wide spectrum of clinical presentations …

A hyperinflammatory response during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2) infection crucially worsens clinical evolution of coronavirus disease 2019 …

Despite the introduction of vaccines and drugs for SARS-CoV-2, the COVID-19 pandemic
continues to spread throughout the world. In severe COVID-19 patients, elevated levels of …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a member of the genus
Betacoronavirus within the family Coronaviridae. It is an enveloped single-stranded positive …

Summary Background The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been a
great threat to global public health since 2020. Although the advance on vaccine …

Novel coronaviruses (nCoVs) encode ion-channel proteins called viroporins such as protein
E, open reading frame 3a (ORF3a) and ORF8a. These viroporins, via mechanisms such as …

Macrophages promote an early host response to infection by releasing pro-inflammatory
cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), TNF, and IL-6. The bioactivity of IL-1β is classically …