Behavioral researchers increasingly recognize the need for more diverse samples that
capture the breadth of human experience. Current attempts to establish generalizability …

Many recent evolutionary psychology and human behavioral ecology studies have tested
hypotheses by examining correlations between variables measured at a group level (eg …

One major threat to revealing cultural influences on psychological states or processes is the
presence of bias (ie, systematic measurement error). When quantitative measures are not …

Scholars study representative international surveys to understand cross-cultural differences
in mentality patterns, which are measured via complex multi-item constructs. Methodologists …

In this article, we describe how cross-cultural research methodologies have evolved, with
each phase of research addressing limitations of a previous one. We describe briefly the …

Psychological scientists draw inferences about populations based on samples—of people,
situations, and stimuli—from those populations. Yet, few papers identify their target …

True experiments cannot be conducted in cross cultural research because it is impossible to
assign participants to different cultures randomly. Cross cultural studies are therefore …

This chapter addresses the methodological issues associated with equivalence and bias in
cross-cultural research. These issues are a consequence of the nonexperimental nature of …

Without minimizing the creative contribution of theorists, a major problem for social science
is to recognize those well-meaning but incorrect theories that pass for knowledge. As Peter …

The chapter covers the four basic social science issues of causation, operationalization, sam‑
-pling, and interpretation (COSI):“Do I know what is causing what?”(causation);“Am I …