Electromagnetic (EM) waves are the most versatile and widely adopted physical layer
technology for underground wireless communication networks (UWCNs). However, they are …

The main difference between the wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) and the
terrestrial wireless sensor networks is the signal propagation medium. The underground is a …

Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) can enable many important applications
such as intelligent agriculture, pipeline fault diagnosis, mine disaster rescue, concealed …

The traditional electromagnetic wave wireless communication in the underground
environment has the problem of unstable channel path loss, large antenna size, high path …

Magnetic Induction (MI) is a through-the-earth (TTE) communication technique which can
accomplish reliable wireless propagation with long distance. When used in underground …

Underground is a challenging environment for wireless communication since the
propagation medium is no longer air but soil, rock and water. The well established wireless …

Wireless Underground Communication Networks (WUCNs) consist of wireless devices that
operate below the ground surface. These devices are either (i) buried completely under …

In wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs), electronic magnetic waves undergo
severe fading due to the underground environment, which is a challenging environment …

Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) can enable many important applications
such as intelligent agriculture, pipeline fault diagnosis, mine disaster rescue, concealed …

Ultra-reliable and low-power wireless communications are desirable for wireless networking
in extreme environments such as underground tunnels, underwater, and soil. Existing …