Considerable efforts have been invested to understand the mechanisms by which pro-
inflammatory cytokines mediate the demise of β-cells in type 1 diabetes but much less …

Loss of pancreatic β-cells in type I diabetes is associated with an increase in T helper 1
(Th1) proinflammatory cytokines in the islet milieu, with a concomitant reduction in Th2 anti …

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a disease that results from autoimmune
destruction of the insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. The …

Abstract Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by an inflammatory destruction of pancreatic beta‐
cells. Pro‐inflammatory cytokines, in particular interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), have been suggested to …

Aims/hypothesis IL-12 is an important cytokine in early inflammatory responses and is
implicated in the immune-mediated pathogenesis of pancreatic islets in diabetes. However …

Pro-inflammatory cytokines are important mediators of β-cell demise in type 1 diabetes, and
similar mechanisms are increasingly implicated in type 2 diabetes, where a state of chronic …

Evidence in support of the concept of local pancreatic islet inflammation as a mechanism of
β cell failure in type 2 diabetes is accumulating. Observations in human islets from type 2 …

Impaired function and reduced mass of pancreatic islet β-cells are two hallmarks of type 2
diabetes (T2D)(1, 2). However, clinical onset of T2D does not occur until β-cells fail to …

Cytokines play crucial roles in orchestrating complex multicellular interactions between
pancreatic β cells and immune cells in the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and are …

Islets of patients with type 2 diabetes display the typical features of an inflammatory process
characterized by the presence of cytokines, chemokines, immune cell infiltration, impaired …