The relationship between water pH and hardness influences fish physiology, where
increasing water hardness could trigger a protective effect for fish exposed to acidic or …

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different water pH levels on the growth
performance and oxidative stress responses of pacu juveniles. Pacu were subjected to four …

This study aimed to assess the effects of low and high water hardness in interaction with
different water pH in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Pacu juveniles were subjected to low …

Water hardness varies regionally and optimal levels for fish are often species specific. It is
generally assumed that largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, require elevated water …

The need to maximize the efficiency with which saline-alkaline waters are used for
aquaculture is continually increasing due to unabated increases in the global demand for …

Fish are potentially submitted to water acidification when reared in recirculating aquaculture
systems. This study evaluated the responses of juvenile cobia R achycentron canadum after …

In this study, the influence of temperature variation on the blood and oxidative stress
parameters of pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus juveniles was evaluated. Fish were subjected …

The freshwater contains a variable amount of dissolved salts, depending on the soil in which
it occurs. Water acidification may occur in places where the soil has acidic cations and water …

Naked carp (Gymnocypris przewalskii), endemic to the saline-alkaline Lake Qinghai, have
the capacity to tolerate combined hypoxia and high alkalinity. This study evaluated the effect …

Water hardness above the optimal level can incite toxic effects in fish, which are often
species specific. Hence, we aimed at obtaining insights on the potential effects of elevated …