Prior research has identified three principal characteristics of initial public offerings (IPOs).
First, IPO activity is very cyclical. Both the number of IPOs and the amount raised in these …

An initial public offering (IPO) is the firm's transition from private to public ownership. Before
its IPO, the firm is held by a limited number of shareholders; after its IPO, the firm becomes …

The pricing of inital public offerings (IPOs) is difficult, both because there is no observable
market price prior to the offering and because many of the issuing firms have little or no …

The article presents a discussion of the article entitled" The Life Cycle of Initial Public
Offering Firms," by Bharat A. Jain and Omesh Kini. Most studies of initial public offerings …

Initial public offerings (IPOs) play a crucial role in allocating resources in market economies.
Because of the enormous importance of IPOs, an understanding of how IPOs work is …

In the US, and increasingly in other countries as well, IPO securities are marketed to
investors in a process known as “book‐building”—one that amounts to polling institutional …

Aprivately held firm or successful venture capital project raises capital and achieves greater
liquidity by going public. These initial public offerings are almost always quite risky. Risks …

The number of initial public offerings (IPOs) in the US has been much lower since 2000 than
in the prior two decades, although there was a surge in IPO activity in 2021. The Securities …

This paper documents the phenomenon of underpricing initial public offerings (IPOs) for 47
firms that went public between 2001 and 2006 in the equity markets of the six Gulf …

Over the past two decades several studies have reported that initial public offerings on
average achieve sizable returns over very short periods. 1 In the parlance of investment …