The question,“Why should prey advertise their presence to predators using warning
coloration?” has been asked for over 150 years. It is now widely acknowledged that …

Aposematism, where prey species conspicuously advertise their unprofitability to predators,
is a widespread defensive strategy. One feature of an aposematic anti-predatory strategy …

Toxic prey advertise their unprofitability to predators via conspicuous aposematic coloration
[1]. It is widely accepted that avoidance learning by naive predators is fundamental in …

It has long been recognized that prey that invest in toxic or other defenses often advertise
these defenses by means of conspicuously coloured signals. One question that remains …

Aposematic prey advertise their defences, such as toxins or stings, to visually hunting
predators using conspicuous warning coloration. Both the conspicuousness and the …

Theories of aposematism often focus on the idea that warning displays evolve because they
work as effective signals to predators. Here, we argue that aposematism may instead evolve …

Chemically defended species often have conspicuous signals that warn potential predators
of these defences. Recent evidence suggests that some such aposematic prey are not as …

Aposematic coloration is commonly considered to signal unpalatability, yet animals
advertise malodour, spines, and weaponry as well as toxins, some of which can be seen at a …

Many animals are toxic or unpalatable and signal this to predators with warning signals
(aposematism). Aposematic appearance has long been a classical system to study predator …

The theory of warning signals dates back to Wallace but is still confusing, controversial and
complex. Because predator avoidance of warningly coloured prey (aposematism) is based …