Atherosclerosis has traditionally been attributed to disordered cholesterol metabolism with
associated accumulation of lipid substrate in the arterial wall. It is now believed that systemic …

About half of the patients presenting with myocardial infarction do not have the classic risk
factors. This finding has stimulated a search for other factors that may be responsible and …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease; unstable atherosclerotic plaque rupture,
vascular stenosis, or occlusion caused by platelet aggregation and thrombosis lead to acute …

Atherosclerosis has complex pathogenesis, which involves at least three serious aspects:
inflammation, lipid metabolism alterations, and endothelial injury. There are no effective …

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine expressed by angiotensin II (Ang II)-
stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) that functions as an autocrine growth …

It is now widely accepted that the development of atherosclerotic lesions involves a chronic
inflammatory response that includes both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms …

The most classical view of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) emphasizes its role as an
endocrine regulator of sodium balance and blood pressure. However, it has long become …

Atherosclerotic vascular disease remains the most common cause of ischemia, myocardial
infarction, and stroke. Vascular function is determined by structural and functional properties …

Atherosclerosis represents the most common pathological substrate of coronary heart
disease (CHD), and the characterization of the disease as a chronic low-grade inflammatory …

Inflammation constitutes a complex, highly conserved cascade of molecular and cellular
events. Inflammation has been labeled as “the fire within,” is highly regulated, and is critical …