Water hardness above the optimal level can incite toxic effects in fish, which are often
species specific. Hence, we aimed at obtaining insights on the potential effects of elevated …

The aim of this study was to assess whether rearing fish at increased water hardness could
assist channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) juveniles to efficiently cope with later (sub) lethal …

The relationship between water pH and hardness influences fish physiology, where
increasing water hardness could trigger a protective effect for fish exposed to acidic or …

Given the decline of freshwater resources in recent years, the accessible space for
freshwater aquaculture is rapidly shrinking, and aquaculture in saline-alkaline water has …

Carbonate alkalinity (CA) is the major toxic factor that interferes with the survival and growth
of shrimp in saline–alkaline water. Gills are the main entry organ for CA toxicity in shrimp. In …

This study investigated the effects of different sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3) concentrations
(0 g/L, 1 g/L, and 3 g/L) on Hefang crucian carp (12.0±1.1 g) over a 96-hour period. The …

Most fish studied to date efficiently compensate for a hypercapnic acid-base disturbance;
however, many recent studies examining the effects of ocean acidification on fish have …

Given the reduction of freshwater resources, saline-alkaline aquaculture has emerged as an
effective approach to expand the fishery's accessible space. High carbonate alkalinity (CA) …

In this era of global climate change, ocean acidification is becoming a serious threat to the
marine ecosystem. Despite this, it remains almost unknown how fish will respond to the co …

The majority of ecotoxicological studies are performed under stable and optimal conditions,
whereas in reality the complexity of the natural environment faces organisms with multiple …