These four ambitious books address similar concerns and raise several questions in
common. First, they move beyond the analysis of transitions to democracy to focus on …

What forces lead to democracy's creation? Why does it sometimes consolidate only to
collapse at other times? Written by two of the foremost authorities on this subject in the …

I present a new empirical approach to the study of democratic consolidation. This approach
leads to new insights into the determinants of democratic consolidation that cannot be …

Dankwart A. Rustow's article on transitions to democracy has served as a reference point in
current debates about democratization. Almost half of it was devoted to the rejection of …

Much of the literature on 'democratic consolidation'has adopted a forward‐looking, future‐
oriented perspective. Rather than studying past regimes, it tries to assess the life …

As the recent wave of democratization crested in the 1980s, skeptics questioned the
capacity of new democratic governments to manage the daunting political challenges of …

Scholars continue to disagree about the relationship between economic development and
democracy. I review the history of the debate and summarize patterns visible in data …

Democracies used to be few in number, and most were located in the northwestern quarter
of the world. Over the last two decades, however, many countries have rid themselves of …

STUDENTS OF political economy are concerned both with the way political factors condition
economic behavior and how market forces and eco nomic policies influence politics. This …

America and (more recently) all of Eastern Europe have confronted urgent problems
associated with economic reform. In both of these regions, the collapse of prior military or …