Lignocellulosic materials are plant-derived feedstocks, such as crop residues (eg, corn
stover, rice straw, and sugar cane bagasse) and purpose-grown energy crops (eg …

We provide an extensive review of ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) pretreatment from a
techno‐economical and environmental sustainability perspective. A brief historical …

Ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX™) pretreatment can be performed at small depots, and the
pretreated biomass can then be pelletized and shipped to a centralized refinery. To …

Background Pretreatment chemistry is of central importance due to its impacts on cellulosic
biomass processing and biofuels conversion. Ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) and dilute …

Although cellulose is the most abundant organic molecule, its susceptibility to hydrolysis is
restricted due to the rigid lignin and hemicellulose protection surrounding the cellulose …

Background: Pretreatment of biomass at regional depots could simplify supply logistics for
the emerging biofuels industry. Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX™) could be an …

Ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) pretreatment is an ammonia-based process for improving
the susceptibility of lignocellulosic biomass to enzymatic attack. Four parameters–ammonia …

Low temperature and long residence time pretreatments have been proposed as an
alternative to conventional pretreatments within a centralized biorefinery, allowing for a …

The ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) process has been shown to be an effective
pretreatment for lignocellulosic biomass. Technological advances in AFEX have been made …

Ammonia-based pretreatments have been extensively studied in the last decade as one of
the leading pretreatment technologies for lignocellulose biorefining. Here, we discuss the …