X-Ray microscopic techniques are excellent and presently emerging techniques for
chemical imaging of heterogeneous catalysts. Spatially resolved studies in heterogeneous …

Heterogeneous catalysts often consist of an active metal (oxide) in close contact with a
support material and various promoter elements. Although macroscopic properties, such as …

Spectroscopic studies on heterogeneous catalysts have mostly been done in an integral
mode. However, in many cases spatial variations in catalyst structure can occur, eg during …

This review highlights the importance of developing multi‐scale characterisation techniques
for analysing operating catalysts in their working environment. We emphasise that a …

The modern chemical industry uses heterogeneous catalysts in almost every production
process. They commonly consist of nanometre-size active components (typically metals or …

Solid catalysts are the workhorses that convert feedstock molecules into fuels, chemicals
and materials. Solid catalysts are highly complex, porous, multi-elemental and often …

Structure–activity correlations of solid catalysts and time-resolved studies generally require
that the structure within a solid catalyst is probed simultaneously and at the same location …

X-ray spectroscopy has had a significant and continually growing impact on catalysis
research for nearly 50 years. In particular, the ability to obtain element selective electronic …

Advances in microscopy such as a spatial resolution in the nanometer range combined with
higher chemical and morphological sensitivities have improved the imaging of functional …

The present status of in‐situ scanning transmission X‐ray microscopy (STXM) is reviewed,
with an emphasis on the abilities of the STXM technique in comparison with electron …