Modeling the built environment of a city digitally in three dimensions can support navigation,
urban planning, disaster management, and energy consumption analysis. City Geography …

CityGML is the most important international standard used to model cities and landscapes in
3D with extensive semantics. Compared to BIM standards such as IFC, CityGML models are …

Several tasks in urban and architectural design are today undertaken in a geospatial
context. Building Information Models (BIM) and geospatial technologies offer 3D data …

ABSTRACT 3D geoinformation has become a base for an increasing number of today's
applications. Examples of these applications are: city and urban planning, real estate …

Semantic 3D city modeling and building information modeling (BIM) are methods for
modeling, creating, and analyzing three-dimensional representations of physical objects of …

CityGML is an open data model and XML-based format for the representation and exchange
of virtual 3D city models. It is based on the Geography Markup Language version 3.1. 1 …

CityGML represents 3D urban objects that can be shared over different applications,
whereas, IFC provides a very detailed semantic model for 3D building representations using …

We propose a new Level of Detail (LoD) concept for CityGML buildings that differentiates a
Geometrical Level of Detail (GLoD) and a Semantical Level of Detail (SLoD). These two LoD …

Increased demand for tools that allow merging of Building Information Models with GIS
models is observed in the last several years. Professionals from both domains are looking …

In recent years, 3D city modeling gained increasing popularity for advanced applications,
leading to the emergence of detailed 3D city models, entailing not only geometrical and …