Background Sex hormones and gonadotropins exert a wide variety of effects in
physiological and pathological processes. Accumulated evidence shows a strong heritable …

Even though the levels of circulating sex steroid hormones are to a large extent heritable,
their genetic determinants are largely unknown. With the advent of genome-wide …

Background Testosterone supplementation has been linked to increased cardiovascular
disease risk in some observational studies. The causal role of testosterone can be …

Common diseases often show sex differences in prevalence, onset, symptomology,
treatment, or prognosis. Although studies have been performed to evaluate sex differences …

Low testosterone levels are associated with metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk
factor, and have been shown to predict type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2 DM), myocardial …

Background Observationally lower testosterone is associated with an unhealthier
cardiovascular (CVD) risk profile, but this association is open to confounding and reverse …

Twin studies suggest a heritable component to circulating sex steroid hormones and sex
hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). In the NCI-Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort …

Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are observationally associated with sex hormone
concentrations and sexual dysfunction, but causality is unclear. We investigated whether …

Context Steroid hormones are important regulators of physiological processes in humans
and are under genetic control. A link to coronary artery disease (CAD) is supposed …

Prospective studies showed that low serum testosterone concentrations are associated with
various cardiometabolic risk factors and mortality. However, the causal nature of these …