Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in pathogen recognition and regulation of the
innate and adaptive immune responses. Although TLR expression and signaling have been …

The innate immune response is critical for recognizing and controlling infections through the
release of cytokines and chemokines. However, severe pathology during some infections …

The dynamics, such as transmission, spatial epidemiology, and clinical course of
Coronavirus Disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) have emerged as the most intriguing features and …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent for
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that emerged in human populations recently …

The immune response plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of diseases. Toll-like receptor
4 (TLR4), as an intrinsic immune receptor, exhibits widespread in vivo expression and its …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are sensors that recognize molecular patterns from viruses,
bacteria, and fungi to initiate innate immune responses to invading pathogens. The …

The Toll-like receptors (TLRs), 13 types known to-date, are a major class of transmembrane
proteins of the mammalian innate immune system (1). They are known to detect diverse …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) form a major group of transmembrane receptors that are involved
in the detection of invading pathogens. Double-stranded RNA is a marker for viral infection …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has emerged as a
pandemic. Paucity of information concerning the virus and therapeutic interventions have …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a member of the TLR family, mediating the
transcriptional induction of type I interferons (IFNs), proinflammatory cytokines, and …