Background Studies in several fields demonstrate gender and racial differences in
descriptions of applicants in letters of recommendation. However, gender and racial biases …

OBJECTIVE We investigated letters of recommendation for general surgery residency
applicants to determine if any gender-based disparities exist. DESIGN A dictionary of over …

Background To determine whether gender-based differences may be present in letters of
recommendation written for ophthalmology residency applicants. Methods All applications …

Background Implicit bias has been documented in candidate selection within academic
medicine. Gender bias is exposed when writers systematically use different language to …

Reference letters play an important role for both postgraduate residency applications and
medical faculty hiring processes. This study seeks to characterise the ways in which gender …

Objective To determine whether implicit gender bias exists in the urology residency
application process, we compared linguistic differences in letters of recommendation (LOR) …

Objective We asked whether letters of recommendation (LOR) written for applicants to
vascular surgery (VS), a field where men have traditionally predominated, differentially …

Objective Perceptions of agency and communality vary by race and gender, which may be
contributing to the persistent gender and racial inequality in radiology. The objective of this …

Background Females comprise 1/3 of general surgery residents, 1/4 of surgical faculty and
10% of full professors. Inadequate sponsorship is one proposed mechanism for this decline …

Objective The primary purpose of this study was to retrospectively analyze letters of
recommendation written for medical students applying to orthopedic residency for implicit …