Background Although immune modulation is a promising therapeutic avenue in coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19), the most relevant targets remain to be found. COVID-19 has …

The clinical spectrum of COVID-19 varies and the differences in host response
characterizing this variation have not been fully elucidated. COVID-19 disease severity …

COVID-19 has become a worldwide pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus named
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Severe cases of COVID-19 …

BACKGROUND Despite a rapidly growing body of literature on coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19), our understanding of the immune correlates of disease severity, course, and …

The current coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, has had
devastating effects on the global health and economic system. The cellular and molecular …

Immune profiling of COVID-19 patients has identified numerous alterations in both innate
and adaptive immunity. However, whether those changes are specific to SARS-CoV-2 or …

BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease
caused by SARS-CoV-2. Antiviral immune response is crucial to achieve pathogen …

Coronaviruses were first discovered in the 1960s and are named due to their crown-like
shape. Sometimes, but not often, a coronavirus can infect both animals and humans. An …

While it is now widely accepted that host inflammatory responses contribute to lung injury,
the pathways that drive severity and distinguish coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from …

Clinical outcomes from infection with SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic,
are remarkably variable ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe pneumonia and …