If only it were possible to develop automated and trainable neural systems that could justify
their behavior in a way that could be interpreted by humans like a symbolic system. The field …

I analyze some of the attacks against the Physical Symbol System Hypothesis—attacks
based on the presumed need for symbol-grounding and non-symbolic processing for …

Throughout its brief history, the field of artificial intelligence (Ai) has been the arena of jousts
between two freres ennemis, symbolicism and connectionism. No sooner had …

In attempting to force ALVINN1 into their already bulging symbolist tent, Vera and Simon
(1993) have burst the seams of the Physical Symbol System Hypothesis (Newell and Simon …

How does language relate to the non-linguistic world? If an agent is able to communicate
linguistically and is also able to directly perceive and/or act on the world, how do perception …

When artificial intelligence began to emerge as a research endeavor in the middle of this
century, two approaches vied with one another. Seymour Papert (1988) has characterized …