Introduction: Paediatric heart failure is a common clinical syndrome that may be experienced
by children with congenital heart disease (CHD) and/or cardiomyopathy. It is characterised …

Every year there are more than 11000 hospitalizations related to heart failure in children
resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Over the last two decades, our understanding …

Objective Biomarkers play a pivotal role in heart failure (HF) management. Reference values
and insights from studies in adults cannot be extrapolated to the paediatric population due to …

In Part I, we described heart failure as a progressive clinical and pathophysiological
syndrome that results from a complex interplay among circulatory, neurohormonal, and …

OVER THE LAST 25 YEARS, THE DIAGNOSIS, assessment, and management of cardiac
failure has changed dramatically. Diagnosis now depends on use of new modalities for …

In recent decades the number of adults with congenital heart diseases (ACHD) has
increased significantly. This entails the need for scrupulous evaluation of the current …

Biomarkers have established an important role in the diagnosis and prognosis of heart
failure in adults. Several biomarkers of different classes have also demonstrated a practical …

Cardiac failure is a clinical syndrome that may develop in children owing to cardiac
dysfunction or underlying structural heart diseases. Considering the differences in …

The care of children suffering from heart failure presents unique challenges that are
inadequately met at the present time. In the pediatric population, a wide variety of disease …

The population of adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) now exceeds the population of
children with CHD. The long-term management of these patients relies on sequential …